K-12 Curriculum Development

 
 
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Recently, I addressed the need for K-12 educators to identify their purpose or their goals.  Such goals must guide curriculum development and instruction.  The next step after identifying curricular goals is to develop assessments which measure the received or understood curriculum.  In a recent article, Popham (May 2009) wrote, "The time has come to do more than merely talk about desirable outcomes.  It's time to measure them" (p. 86).  Assessing Student Affect addresses the need to assess what educators have determined is important. 

This brief article shares how student affect and other learning goals can be measured.  The next step may be revising the written and taught curriculum in order to ensure that your district's curriculum and instruction is meeting the intended purpose(s).  We can hope that students learn the skills and concepts that will make them successful contributors to society.  However, most educators agree that an end-of-grade or standardized test is not the most appropriate method for determining if learning goals have been achieved.  How does your school measure what matters most?

Reference:

Popham, W.J. (2009). Assessing student affect. Educational Leadership, 66(8),
       85-86. 

 
 
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Smedley said, "A speech without a purpose is like a journey without a destination" (as cited by Koegel, 2007, p. 34).  The same can be said about curriculum development.  A curriculum without a purpose is like a journey without a destination.  Do the teachers and administrators in your school system have agreed upon learning outcomes for students at the end of each grade level?  Do teachers and administrators have time scheduled throughout the school year to discuss which instructional strategies are working with certain grade levels or even with individual students?

The list below contains several of the skills and understandings that most teachers and parents would agree students should develop during the K-12 experience(s).  If a parent moved from another state or country and asked teachers in your school district which skills and understandings are taught in the seventh grade, would the parent receive the same answer from teachers at three different middle schools?

Using the list below, add skills and understandings that you feel are missing.  Are some of the identified skills more essential than others?  Should some of the skills be taught in each grade, K-12?  Should some of the skills be deemphasized due to the skills required by a changing workforce?  Most importantly, what is the purpose for including each of these skills or understandings in the K-12 curriculum?  Is your district's current curriculum meeting its intended purpose?  What can be done to realign the district's curiculum in order to meet the agreed upon purposes during the 2009-2010 school year?

1.   Citizenship     
2.   Geographic Awareness     
3.   Decoding Skills
4.   21st Century Learning Skills     
5.   Presentation Skills
6.   Writing Skills     
7.   Problem Solving Skills
8.   World Languages
9.   Literacy Skills
10. Self-Awareness
11. Character Education
12. Healthful Living
13. Personal Financial Literacy
14. Apply Mathematics in a variety of settings
15. Communication Skills
16. The Arts
17. Career Development
18. Interview Skills
19. Critical Thinking Skills
20. How to Apply Skills and Understandings     

"All learners benefit from and should receive instruction that reflects clarity about purposes and priorities of content."
                                                        -  Carol Ann Tomlinson and Jay McTighe

References:

Koegel, T.J. (2007). The exceptional presenter. Austin, TX: Greenleaf Book Group
         Press.

Tomlinson, C.A., & McTighe, J. (2006). Integrating differentiated instruction and
        understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and
        Curriculum Development.

 
 

In The 17 Indisputable Laws of Teamwork, Maxwell (2001) wrote, "Every team needs a vision to give it direction.  A team without vision is, at worst, purposeless.  At best, it is subject to the personal (and sometimes selfish) agendas of its various teammates.  As the agendas work against each other, the team's energy and drive drain away" (p. 91).  He describes this as the Law of the Compass.



Questions for School Districts:

1)  How do we determine the essential learning outcomes for each student?

2)  How do we monitor student progress towards essential student learning
     outcomes?

3)  Does our school system have an aligned curriculum or does each teacher
     determine the essential learning outcomes in isolation?

4)  Does the written curriculum drive the work of teachers and teacher teams?

"Curriculum design and delivery face one fundamental problem in schools.  When the door is shut and nobody else is around, the classroom teacher can select and teach just about any curriculum he or she decides is appropriate" (English, 2000, p. 1). 

Wiggins (1995) wrote, "Curriculum guides must become more like a compass and a sextant - performance tasks and standards and troubleshooting guides.  We need more than a well-planned set of work requirements and supporting lesson ideas; we need clarity about how courses can help students attain objectives in the face of various adventures and detours.  That adjustment depends on knowing in advance the specific performance destination: the tasks students should be able to perform, and to what standard, as a result of our teaching" (p. 110).

References:

English, F.W. (2000). Deciding what to teach and test: Developing, aligning, and
        auditing the curriculum. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. 

Maxwell, J. (2001). The 17 indisputable laws of teamwork.  Nashville, TN: Thomas
        Nelson, Inc.

Wiggins, G. (1995). Curricular coherence and assessment: Making sure that
        the effect matches the intent. Beane, J.A. (Ed.). Toward a coherent
        curriculum: The 1995 ASCD yearbook. Alexandria, VA: Association for
        Supervision and Curriculum Development. 



 
 

Curriculum clutter impacts student achievement.  "When school staff have a more informed conception of curriculum, a teacher's daily decisions about how to deliver instruction not only affect student achievement in that classroom but also future student achievement, for it is assumed that students will be entering the next classroom prepared to handle a more sophisticated or more expansive level of work" (Zmuda, Kuklis & Kline, 2004, p. 122).

As schools enter the month of May, educators ask the following questions:

a)  How can we teach it all?

b)  Should we teach each standard well or should we prioritize the state
     standards?

c)  What skills and understandings should all students have by the end of this
     grade level/course?  How do we adjust our pacing to make these goals a
     reality in the upcoming school year?

One common complaint among teachers and administrators is the lack of time to reflect on the written, taught and received curriculum.  In August, teachers are beginning the school year and some complain that it is too early in the year to discuss the curriculum.  In March and April, teachers have spring break and other holidays which interfere with curriculum meetings.  In May, teachers are amazed that another school year is coming to a close.  In order to prevent curriculum clutter, schools should ask the following questions:

1.  What are the key concepts and skills in each unit of study?

2.  Did our pacing allow us to teach the key concepts and skills this year?

3.  Are we attempting to teach too many concepts and skills in some units?

4.  Are we teaching all key concepts and skills for mastery or should we aim for
     introducing some concpepts/skills and mastery of others?

5.  When will we schedule time to discuss the curriculum in 2009-2010?

In other words, how can we meet on a regular basis to avoid arriving in the
final weeks of the 2009-2010 school year feeling overwhelmed by curriculum clutter?  Wiggins and McTighe (2007) wrote, “Schooling at its best reflects a purposeful arrangement of parts and details, organized with deliberate intention, for achieving the kinds of learning we seek” (p. 9).


 
 

Stephen Covey suggests that there are four things that make a great leader. 

1)  Inspire Trust

2)  Clarify Purpose

3)  Align Systems

4)  The fourth is the fruit of the other three - unleashed potential

As you work with curriculum alignment, develop curriculum units and serve as a teacher leader, principal, curriculum coach or curriculum coodinator, you will notice each of these steps.  For example, if you attempt to align systems before establishing trust, you will eventually discover "an absence of trust" (See Lencioni,
The Five Dysfunctions of a Team).  Covey's blog is a great reminder of the importance of instructional leadership and the ongoing need for alignment in our school systems.

For the full blog by Stephen Covey, visit Stephen R. Covey - The Community.