K-12 Curriculum Development

Opportunity to Learn is often overlooked in U.S. schools.  Educators attend conferences and visit the exhibit hall looking for the next 'solution' to current problems.  What does it mean to have the 'Opportunity to Learn'?  If you ask three sixth grade science teachers this question would you receive a consistent answer?  K-12 Curriculum Development seeks to answer the question, "Learn What?"  Once we identify what each student should know and be able to do, we can begin developing course goals, enduring understandings, unit goals, essential questions, and common assessments.

Some school districts have professional documents, but the district leadership becomes so focused on developing teacher-friendly documents that they forget to monitor curriculum implementation and student understanding.  Recently, I discovered an article titled,

Opportunity to Learn: A High Impact Strategy for Improving Educational Outcomes in Developing Countries.

This article is a great introduction to "Opportunity to Learn."   According to the article, "In the 1960’s, John Carroll wrote that equality of Opportunity to Learn required increasing the amount of instructional time for the least prepared students to enable them to master the curriculum. In the 1980’s, RAND developed a set of institutional quality indicators, including teacher qualification, curriculum, and spending indicators."

The article cites Eight Factors Which Impact Opportunity to Learn.  One example is "an OTL study in Ghana found that the overly ambitious curriculum was poorly aligned with teacher capability, so that less than half of the material was actually covered during the school year. However, the national examinations measured learning on the entire curriculum, so that the theoretical maximum score that most students could achieve would be 50 percent, even if they learned all of the material covered perfectly."
 
For more resources and research on this topic, visit the Blog Archives at:
Opportunity to Learn

Feel free to share additional articles or resources related to "Opportunity to Learn." 

On January, 18, 2010, people across the United States and throughout the world will pause to remember the life and legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968).  As a pastor, father, communicator, and community leader, Dr. King encouraged Americans to provide equal opportunities regardless of race.  It took education nearly fifty years to make the transition from segregated schools to integrated schools.  Dr. King's leadership and the efforts of countless others who believed in equal rights helped provide educational opportunities for all students.  In 1954, the United States Supreme Court ruled, "We conclude that the doctrine of 'seperate but equal' has no place.  Seperate educational facilities are inherently unequal" (Chief Justice Earl Warren in Brown v. Board of Education).

In Letter from a Birmingham Jail, Dr. King wrote, "Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere."  This letter was written on April 16, 1963, approximatly nine years after the Brown v. Board of Education decision.  Dr. King challenged seperate facilities for whites and blacks.  He also emphasized that a quality education should not be denied to any child.  The ongoing work of K-12 curriculum development focuses on reaching each child and supporting the priorities identified in state and local curriculum documents. 

Recently, I read a book written by Malcolm Gladwell titled, Outliers. Gladwell (2008) wrote, "Marita doesn't need a brand new school with acres of playing fields and gleaming facilities. She doesn't need a laptop, a smaller class, a teacher with a PhD, or a bigger apartment......All those things would be nice, of course. But they miss the point. Marita just needed a chance" (p. 268-269).  As we remember the legacy of Dr. King, educators can focus on "Opportunity to Learn" in each school.  Do African American students have access to advanced courses or do AP and Honors courses look like a school within a school (See Advancing Minority High Achievement, College Board, Feb. 2000)?  Do teachers have beliefs about students which cause them to have lower expectations for some students?  Do students receive a rigorous curriculum on both sides of town, or does a rigorous curriculum depend on school assignment or the neighborhood school?  Does injustice still exist in our school district?  How can injustice be addressed in our school district?  Does the achievement gap (which is a nationwide dilemma - See Facts on Achievement Gap, Harvard University) cause us to evaluate our current teaching practices in an effort to reach more students?  Do more African American students drop out of school?  How can we make Martin Luther King Day a day to focus on improving education for all students?  What other questions does our school district need to ask?

"As June approaches, with its graduation ceremonies and speeches, a thought suggests itself...Whatever career you may choose for yourself--doctor, l awyer, teacher--let me propose an avocation to be pursued along with it. Become a dedicated fighter for civil rights. Make it a central part of your life. It will make you a better doctor, a better lawyer, a better teacher. It will enrich your spirit as nothing else possibly can. It will give you that rare sense of nobility that can only spring from love and selflessly helping your fellow man . Make a career of humanity. Commit yourself to the noble struggle for human rights. You will make a greater person of yourself, a greater nation of your country, and a finer world to live in."                                                         -- Martin Luther King, Jr. , 18th April, 1959


Resources for educators which address Brown v. Board of Education (1954) are available at:

http://www.landmarkcases.org
This site was developed to provide teachers with a full range of resources and activities to support the teaching of landmark Supreme Court cases, helping students explore the key issues of each case.  These resources include photos, speeches, political cartoons, DBQ's, Questions to Consider, and additional primary sources. 

The article below introduces educators to Purpose-Driven Curriculum and Instruction.  If you wish to build a Purpose-Driven Curriculum, take a moment to ask yourself and a co-worker or team of co-workers the Eight Questions Which Drive the Work of a Purpose-Driven School System (attached).

When parents and guardians send their students to school they want teachers to teach for understanding.  Simply assigning worksheets, fill-in-the blank, crossword puzzles, or other time killers will not support student understanding of key concepts and essential skills.  Most teachers would be insulted by the previous statement, because most professional teachers work extremely hard developing lesson plans, hands-on learning, ongoing assessments, and activities which will engage students.

Wiggins and McTighe (2005), identified the "Twin Sins" of curriculum development as activity-focused teaching and coverage-focused teaching.  Extremely hard working teachers can err on the side of developing such fun activities that the students end up remembering the activities and not the key concepts.  In today's high-stakes era of testing and accountability teachers feel pressure to 'cover' material, rather than teach for understanding.  Covering material may indicate that a teacher has taught content or checked off each state standard, but it does not mean that student understanding took place.

If you want to make a long-term impact on student understanding, consider reading one or more of the following books with a team of educators:

Bransford, J.D., Brown, A.L., Cocking, R. (Eds.). (1999). 
          How people learn: Brain,mind, experience, and school. Washington, D.C.:
          National Academies Press. 

Erickson, H.L. (2007). Concept-based curriculum and instruction for the thinking
          classroom. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Gardner, H. (2006). Five minds for the future. Boston, MA: Harvad Business School
          Press.

Tomlinson, C.A., & McTighe, J. (2006). Integrating differentiated instruction and
          understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

Wiggins, G., & McTighe, J. (2005). Understanding by design (Expanded 2nd ed.).
          Alexandria, VA: ASCD.


I would like to know the names of other titles that you feel worthy of mentioning under the topic of teaching for understanding.  I look forward to reviewing your feedback!

If you made New Year's Resolutions, you may have decided to change your diet, exercise more, spend more time with your family, develop a new budget, enroll in graduate school, help your favorite charity, read more books, focus on the 'main' things in your life, develop a 'seek first to understand' mindset, or other personal goals.

It is not a secret that many people around the world set personal goals that they do not keep.  Goal setting can be rewarding, but committing to a goal requires much more than clarifying our goal(s) on paper.  S.M.A.R.T. goals are recommended by business coaches, education consultants, and numerous leadership courses.  When someone makes a S.M.A.R.T. goal, it is:
 
S =  Specific
M =  Measurable
A  = Attainable
R  = Realistic and Results-Oriented
T  = Timely

When students returned to school in January, it felt like a "Race to the Finish Line" for several students and teachers.  Teachers were racing to cover material that will be on state high-stakes testing, AP tests, or other final exams.  Students try to cram as many facts into their heads, without gaining deeper understanding and teachers continue to appear overwhelmed with the sheer amount of material that must be covered in the final three weeks of the semester.

If we are going to improve teaching and learning in the new year, then we must define the purpose of our curriculum.  A good starting point is to reflect on 2009?

What did students achieve in 2009?

What common misconceptions did students have in 2009?

What instructional strategies seemed to be more relevant to this generation of learners in 2009?

What goals did our department, team, school, or school district achieve in 2009?

What stretch goals do we have for teaching and learning in 2010?

What will we do to adjust the pacing, so we don't have a "race to the finish" each semester?

How can we include more 21st century skills in our curriculum in 2010?

What do we want each student to know and be able to do at the end of our course?

Is our current curriculum, instruction and assessment designed to help us develop the kind of student(s) who can meet the course goals and contribute to society?

Resources for Educators:

Team S.M.A.R.T. Goal-Setting Plan (A great resource)
All Things PLC

Curriculum Development: What Should Students Know and Be Able to Do
Blog Archives

Five Questions For Curriculum Developers
Blog Archives

Determining Curriculum: A Non-Negotiable to Increasing Student Achievement
Blog Archives

From the Top 10 Sports Plays of the Decade to the Top 10 News Stories of the Decade, every interest group seems to have a list. The Best of the Decade lists that I have read include stylish clothes, most downloaded songs of the decade, art that inspires, negative behavior which made the news, government decisions, technology advances, local news stories, top blunders, and other success stories.

One thing that is often overlooked on the Top Ten Lists I reviewed is the field of education.  To date, I have not seen a list which focuses on the past ten years in education.  Since this site maintains a focus on K-12 Curriculum Development, I created a list titled, Best of the Decade: 2000-2010.  For a complete listing of award recipients, please view the attached document.

Nomination Categories:

Biggest Impact on Education
Website That Influenced Education and Influenced How Teachers Work
21st Century Leadership
Best Collaboration by Government and Policy Makers
Biggest Change in Public Schools
Best Invention for Increasing Opportunity to Learn
Book of the Decade
Best Article
High Yield Education Initiative
Best YouTube Video About Education

As with most Top 10 Lists, the readers can think of dozens of other individuals, events, or organizations which should have made education's Best of the Decade List.  If you feel like your favorite person, event, organization, or journal article should have made the list, please add a comment on the site.  I enjoyed reflecting on the past ten years in education and I hope this list encourages you as much as it did me.  Some true landmark events and changes to the field of
K-12 eduction took place between 2000-2010.  I look forward to viewing your feedback!

View Colbert Report
Aired on October 5, 2009

View this short clip for a a little laughter and an interview with Secretrary of Education Arne Duncan.  Since 1997, Colbert was the longest-tenured and most diverse correspondent on "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart." He helped the show win numerous Emmy and Peabody Awards as an on-air personality and writer for the news satire. "The Colbert Report" has been touted by The New York Times as "one of the best television shows of the year" and praised as "The Best Show of the Year" by Entertainment Weekly. "The Colbert Report" has garnered ratings and critical success as one of the top shows on television.  

This week, I had the privilege of attending the National Staff Development Council (NSDC) Conference in St. Louis, Missouri.  At the pre-conference, I attended a full day session with Ken Kay, President of the Partnership for 21st Century Skills. 

Kay asked the following question:

Are we intentional about teaching 21st century skills?

This question is much more difficult to answer than "Are we teaching 21st century skills?"  The follow-up question K-12 curriculum developers need to ask is "Which skills are we teaching and how does our school and school system measure progress towards predetermined goals?"

Other Key Questions shared by Ken Kay:

1.  Will students leave our school district with skills that add value to their
     employer and to the workforce?

2.  What skills will we need to teach students in order to help them "add value" to
     their employer or to the workforce?

3.  How do you take a school system that is teaching core subjects/content and
     help the teachers make the transition to teaching 21st century skills in the
     core subject areas?

4.  If you decided that students need to become 'globally competent,' what steps
     would teachers and administrators need to take?

5.  What is the current reality in our school district?  
     Do teachers say they are teaching 21st century skills?  
     Is an assignment in the computer lab still considered a lesson which reinforces
     21st century skills? 
     Do teachers reinforce skills as students move upward through the school
     system?

Additional Resources for K-12 Curriculum Development:

Route 21 - Resources for 21st Century Skills

Route 21 - Rubrics and Implementation Tools

The MILE Guide: An Online Self-Assessment Tool for Schools and Districts

West Virginia Department of Education - Teach 21

Nearly fifty years ago, Jerome Bruner wrote:

"If the hypothesis.....introduced is true - that any subject can be taught to any child in some honest form - then it should follow that a curriculum ought to be built around the great issues, principles, and values that a society deems worthy of the continual concern of its members."

                                                    -  Jerome Bruner, The Process of Education, 1960

This statement is as true today as it was in 1960.

Questions for Educators to Consider:

1.  Can any subject be taught to any child in some honest form?

2.  What do we expect all students to know and be able to do?

3.  Do we have a process for identifying Essential Learning Outcomes for each
     course?

4.  Do we have a clearly defined purpose for each course? 
     (i.e., Thinking with the end in mind)

5.  What current events, local issues, or community norms should be included in
     the curriculum?

6.  Is the role of this course to prepare students with academic knowledge or do
     we want to develop students who can apply their understanding of content in
     an ethical manner?

7.  Should each teacher identify what students should know and be able to do or
     should teacher teams or district teams work together to establish a common
     curriculum?  What would Bruner recommend?

8.  Should curriculum focus on state standards or should it go beyond the state
     standards to include locally determined Essential Learning Outcomes?

9.  Is everything identified in the curriculum of equal importance?

10.  What impact, if any, does it have on students if our school system has not
       developed a curriculum built around the great issues, principles, and values
       that a society deems worthy of the continual concern of its members?


Teachers are more likely to implement a curriculum that has grown out of their own conversations and meetings, that allows for teacher autonomy and that represents their own beliefs about what should be taught - 
See Home-Grown Curriculum.


References:

Bruner, J. (1960). The process of education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
         Press.