K-12 Curriculum Development

 
Common Sense 07/15/2009
 
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Common Sense was published anonymously by Thomas Paine in January 1776. The purpose for this small pamphlet was to encourage change and to urge the American people to form their own government.



The purpose of this article is to offer some common sense advice which will impact K-12 education in any country. 

IN the following pages I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and common sense; and have no other preliminaries to settle with the reader (Paine, 1776).

Education:
  • Students don't care how much we know until they know how much we
    care.

  • A guaranteed and viable curriculum is a critical factor to educational
    success.

  • Each student adds value to the classroom and to the school.

  • Character education makes the world a better place.

  • A focus on learning is more important than 'coverage' of standards.

  • Curriculum alignment should not be optional.

  • Closing achievement gaps is ethical and possible.

  • Differentiated instruction is good for all students.

  • Instruction which builds on prior knowledge increases student
    understanding.

  • Opportunity to learn has a greater impact on student achievement than
    the written curriculum.
*  Many different researchers have noted the items above and have
    described how student achievement increases when one or more of the
    processes or viewpoints are implemented.  For example, Marzano (2003)
    shared, the number one factor impacting student achievement is a
    guaranteed and viable curriculum (p. 22).  “Standards alone
cannot
    change these realities.  Instead, successful change occurs when all
    aspects of the local curriculum are linked to standards through a
    purposeful, coherent system of process and products” (Carr & Harris,
    2001, p. 1). Wiggins and McTighe (2007) wrote, “Schooling at its best
    reflects a purposeful arrangement of parts and details, organized with
    deliberate intention, for achieving the kinds of learning we seek” (p. 9).
 


         Please feel free to share your Common Sense recommendations
                                      for K-12 education.

References:

Carr, J.E., & Harris, D.E. (2001).
Succeeding with Standards: 
      Linking Curriculum, Assessment, and Action Planning
.
      Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum
      Development.  


Marzano, R.J. (2003). What working in schools: Translating
      research into action
.  Alexandria, VA: Association for
      Supervision and Curriculum Development.


Paine, T. Common sense (1776). The Library of Congress.
      Retrieved July 14, 2009, from 

        
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm028.html

Wiggins, G. & McTighe, G., (2007) Schooling by design.
     Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum
     Development.
 


 
 
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By July, most school systems have received data from student report cards, state testing results, feedback from parents/guardians, and student portfolios which demonstrate the student's growth from the beginning of the school year until the last day of school.  What processes will teachers and administrators use to improve the written and taught curriculum in the upcoming school year?  What strategies should be developed to provide additional support to struggling readers?

According to Senge, Scharmer, Jaworski, and Flowers (2004), "Most change initiatives that end up going nowhere don't fail because they lack grand visions and noble intentions.  They fail because people can't see the reality they face"
(p. 29).  A tool for identifying the realities faced by a school and one which will help your team determine 'next steps' is a SWOT Analysis.  A SWOT Analysis looks at and defines the strengths and weaknesses of the internal environment of the school or school system, as well as the opportunities and threats within the environment external to the organization or organizational unit.

Once educators have identified the existing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, they can build plans to support student achievement.  Instructional priorities will based on the outcomes of the SWOT Analysis, rather than focusing on 'what worked' last year.  Educators will notice that what is perceived as a threat for the upcoming school year could also be a new opportunity. 

"Systems don't change by themselves. Rather, the actions of individuals and small groups working on new conceptions intersect to produce breakthroughs"
(Fullan, 1993).

Resource:
SWOT Analysis Template (See attached document)

References:

Fullan, M. (1993). Change forces: Probing the depths of educational reform.
        London: Falmer Press.


Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J., & Flowers, B.S. (2004). Presence: An
          exploration of profound change in people, organizations, and society.
          New York: Doubleday.

swot_analysis.doc
File Size: 35 kb
File Type: doc
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Do opposing forces prevent your school system from aligning the curriculum?  Opposing forces include time, co-workers, competing district initiatives, changes in leadership, and the failure to define the purpose for curriculum alignment efforts.  Educators are aware of the need for curriculum alignment, yet most school systems struggle with making curriculum alignment an ongoing process.

A planning tool named the Force Field Analysis will provide your team with valuable data regarding the opposing forces which interfere with curriculum alignment efforts.  The Force Field Analysis is a simple but powerful technique for building an understanding of the forces that will drive and resist a proposed change. 

The attached document provides a template for teachers and teacher teams.  The Force Field Analysis can also be used for other educational goals which are difficult to achieve due to opposing forces. 

Additional information regarding this tool is available at:
Force Field Analysis



force_field_analysis.doc
File Size: 35 kb
File Type: doc
Download File

 
 
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46 States, D.C. Plan to Draft Common Education Standards
The Washington Post
By Maria Glod, Washington Post Staff Writer
June 1, 2009

On June 1, forty-six states and the District of Columbia announced an effort to craft a single vision for what children should learn each year from kindergarten through high school graduation.  U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan was quoted in The Washington Post as saying, "This is the beginning of a new day for education in our country."

Influential Organizations:

National Governors Association

Achieve - American Diploma Project

Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development

Center for Civic Education

Council of Chief State School Officers

International Technology Education Association

National Council for the Social Studies

National Council of Teachers of English

National Council of Teachers of Mathematics

National Education Association

National Science Teachers Association

The American Federation of Teachers

The Partnership for Twenty-First Century Learning Skills

and others.......


Important Documents:

Benchmarking for Success: Ensuring U.S. Students Receive a World-Class Education

Common Core Standards Initiative
Why Is the Common Core Standards Initiatieve Important for the Country?
Council of Chief State School Officers

The Case for National Standards
The Washington Post
By Randi Weingarten, President of the American Federation of Teachers

A Call for National Standards
The American Federation of Teachers

The Partnership’s Statement on President Barack Obama’s Education Plan
The Partnership for Twenty-First Century Skills
March 11, 2009

The Unfinished Work of the Standards Movement
By Michael Cohen, President Achieve 

Governor Hunt Testifies Before U.S. House Committee on Education and Labor
James B. Hunt Institue for Educational Leadership and Policy
April 29, 2009

Additional information on National Standards may be found by clicking on
National Standards.  Please feel free to share your thoughts on the press release announcing the creation of Common Education Standards. 

 
 
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Smedley said, "A speech without a purpose is like a journey without a destination" (as cited by Koegel, 2007, p. 34).  The same can be said about curriculum development.  A curriculum without a purpose is like a journey without a destination.  Do the teachers and administrators in your school system have agreed upon learning outcomes for students at the end of each grade level?  Do teachers and administrators have time scheduled throughout the school year to discuss which instructional strategies are working with certain grade levels or even with individual students?

The list below contains several of the skills and understandings that most teachers and parents would agree students should develop during the K-12 experience(s).  If a parent moved from another state or country and asked teachers in your school district which skills and understandings are taught in the seventh grade, would the parent receive the same answer from teachers at three different middle schools?

Using the list below, add skills and understandings that you feel are missing.  Are some of the identified skills more essential than others?  Should some of the skills be taught in each grade, K-12?  Should some of the skills be deemphasized due to the skills required by a changing workforce?  Most importantly, what is the purpose for including each of these skills or understandings in the K-12 curriculum?  Is your district's current curriculum meeting its intended purpose?  What can be done to realign the district's curiculum in order to meet the agreed upon purposes during the 2009-2010 school year?

1.   Citizenship     
2.   Geographic Awareness     
3.   Decoding Skills
4.   21st Century Learning Skills     
5.   Presentation Skills
6.   Writing Skills     
7.   Problem Solving Skills
8.   World Languages
9.   Literacy Skills
10. Self-Awareness
11. Character Education
12. Healthful Living
13. Personal Financial Literacy
14. Apply Mathematics in a variety of settings
15. Communication Skills
16. The Arts
17. Career Development
18. Interview Skills
19. Critical Thinking Skills
20. How to Apply Skills and Understandings     

"All learners benefit from and should receive instruction that reflects clarity about purposes and priorities of content."
                                                        -  Carol Ann Tomlinson and Jay McTighe

References:

Koegel, T.J. (2007). The exceptional presenter. Austin, TX: Greenleaf Book Group
         Press.

Tomlinson, C.A., & McTighe, J. (2006). Integrating differentiated instruction and
        understanding by design. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and
        Curriculum Development.

 
 

Stephen Covey suggests that there are four things that make a great leader. 

1)  Inspire Trust

2)  Clarify Purpose

3)  Align Systems

4)  The fourth is the fruit of the other three - unleashed potential

As you work with curriculum alignment, develop curriculum units and serve as a teacher leader, principal, curriculum coach or curriculum coodinator, you will notice each of these steps.  For example, if you attempt to align systems before establishing trust, you will eventually discover "an absence of trust" (See Lencioni,
The Five Dysfunctions of a Team).  Covey's blog is a great reminder of the importance of instructional leadership and the ongoing need for alignment in our school systems.

For the full blog by Stephen Covey, visit Stephen R. Covey - The Community.

 
 

Thoughts for Teachers and Teacher Teams:

When you close the classroom door, how do you make decisions about 'what' to teach?  Do you use the same criteria for making decisions as your co-workers?  How do you decide what to assess?  Do your co-workers assess the same skills and concepts?  How do you make critical decisions about the state standards and pacing?  How do you communicate your decisions within your school?  How do you communicate your decisions within your school district (across schools)?  Is the taught curriculum aligned across schools in your district?  How do you know?

"If schools want to enhance their organizational capacity to boost student learning, they should work on building a professional community that is characterized by shared purpose, collaborative activity, and collective responsibility among staff" (Newmann & Wehlage, 1995, p. 37).

Reference:

Newmann, F., & Wehlage, G. (1995). Successful school restructuring: A report to the public and educators by the Center for Restructuring Schools. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

 


 
 

During the curriculum development process, educators will experience change and various strategies will require that educators have a clear understanding of the differences between first order change and second order change
(See Figure 6 - Waters, Marzano, & McNulty, 2003).

"Assuming that all changes will have the same implications for all stakeholders, and/or using practices that might be appropriate for a first order change when a second order change is actually implied for stakeholders, will likely result in a negative impct on student achievement.  Thus, in addition to focusing leadership efforts on school and classroom practices associated with improved student achievement, leaders must also tailor their own leadership practices based on the magnitude or 'order' of change they are leading" (Waters, Marzano, & McNulty, 2003, p. 7).

Questions for Educators:

1)  How does the chart (Figure 6) change your views on curriculum development
     efforts?

2)  Does curriculum mapping involve first order change, second order change, or
     both?

3)  How do educators determine if a program or initiative will involve first order
     change or second order change?

4)  Reflect on a time during your career in education when an initiative failed or
     was not as successful as it could have been.  Did teachers and administrators
     focus on the product, rather than the process?  Would a careful analysis of
     first order change versus second order change provided the leaders with
     insight on how to support teachers, administrators and the change effort?

5)  How can educators use this research to impact student achievement?

Reference:

Waters, J.T., Marzano, R.J. & McNulty, B.A. (2003). What 30 years of research tells us about the effect of leadership on student achievement. Aurora, CO: Mid-Continent Research for Education and Learning.